Publications
Books
A Rights-Based Inter-Legal Approach to Artificial Intelligence (Hart Publishing: Oxford 2026)
How can European public law effectively address the profound rights challenges posed by AI systems?
This book delves into this pressing question by critically analysing the limitations of current regulatory frameworks, including the Artificial Intelligence Act, the General Data Protection Regulation, and European human rights law. Drawing on leading judgments from the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, the book explores real-world case studies of AI systems employed by public authorities, highlighting their impact on fundamental rights.
Arguing that the EU's risk-based regulation approach falls short in protecting fundamental and human rights, the author introduces a compelling alternative: a rights-based inter-legal approach grounded in the theory of inter-legality. This innovative framework emphasises the "publicness" and "inter-systemic" nature of AI, advocating for a lifecycle perspective-from design to deployment and beyond.
Rich with legal insights and practical methodology, this book presents a three-step adjudication model to integrate the inter-legal approach into European legal practice, paving the way for a more robust protection of fundamental principles, rules, and rights in the AI era. Essential reading for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners, this work redefines how Europe can lead the charge in responsible AI regulation.
AI in European Law: A Deep View
(Nomos, Baden-Baden) (Open Access)
How well is European law equipped to govern artificial intelligence? This edited volume pursues that question across several sectors: tax administration, the workplace, competition and data sharing, access to justice, legal personhood, financial fraud, and smart contracts. It combines doctrinal analysis with real-world cases to reveal where the EU AI Act protects fundamental rights and where critical gaps remain. The book treats AI regulation not as a technical exercise but a normative project balancing innovation, democratic control, and rights.
Articles & Book Chapters
(selected)
Elif Biber, ‘Confronting the “Phantom Influence” of Artificial Intelligence Systems: Toward a Primavera Digitale’ in Stefan Braum (ed), forthcoming book (Nomos 2026).
Elif Biber, ‘Art 2 of the Declaration: Solidarity and Inclusion’ in Rossana Ducato, Alain Strowel and Enguerrand Marique (eds), Commentary on EU Digital Rights and Principles (Aberdeen University Press, forthcoming 2026).
Elif Biber, ‘Book Review: Jan Czarnocki and Przemysław Pałka (eds), Proportionality in EU Digital Law: Balancing Conflicting Rights and Interests (Hart Publishing 2024)’, forthcoming in European Law Review (2026)
Elif Biber & Herwig C. H. Hofmann, ‘A Human-Centric Approach Through Rights: Missing Dialogues between Rights, Risks, and Remedies under the EU Artificial Intelligence Act’ in Herwig C. H. Hofmann, Elif Biber, and Zahra Yusifli (eds), Artificial Intelligence in European Law: A Deep View (Baden-Baden: Nomos 2026).
Elif Biber & Giovanni De Gregorio, ‘The European Digital Services Act: A Democratic View for the Digital Age?’ in Platform Regulation and Freedom of Expression in the US and Europe (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2026).
Elif Biber, ‘The Challenge for a Primavera Digitale: The Phantom Influence of Artificial Intelligence Systems’ (I·CONnect, peer-reviewed blog-article at the International Journal of Constitutional Law’s Blog, February 2026), https://www.iconnectblog.com/a-challenge-for-a-primavera-digitale-the-phantom-influence-of-artificial-intelligence-systems/.
Elif Biber, ‘A Close Reading of the European Commission's Guidelines on Prohibited Artificial Intelligence Practices: A Powerful Reflection of the European Approach to AI’ (2025) (2)3 Journal of AI Law and Regulation, 266 (recognised as one of the journal’s ten most-read articles of 2025).
Elif Biber, ‘Digital Constitutionalism in Europe: Exploring a Constellation of Legalities’ in Giovanni De Gregorio, Peggy Valcke and Oreste Pollicino (eds), Oxford Handbook of Digital Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2025).
Elif Biber, ‘Between Humans and Machines: Judicial Interpretation of the Automated Decision-Making Practices in the EU’(open access) in Herwig C. H. Hofmann and Felix Pflücke (eds), Governance of Automated Decision-Making and EU Law (Oxford University Press 2024) https://academic.oup.com/book/58128/chapter/479901013 (accessed 19 February 2026).
Elif Biber, ‘Book Review: Digital Constitutionalism in Europe: Reframing Rights and Powers in the Algorithmic Society by Giovanni De Gregorio’ (2023) 37(3) International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 241.
Elif Biber, ‘Inter-Legality and Surveillance Technologies’ (2021) 7(2) Italian Law Journal 1041 (open access) (presented at TILTing Perspectives 2021: Regulating in Times of Crises, Tilburg University, 19 May 2021).
Elif Biber & Marianna Capasso, ‘The Right to Mental Integrity in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Cognitive Human Enhancement Technologies’ in Bart Custers and Eduard Fosch Villaronga (eds), Law and Artificial Intelligence: Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues of AI (Springer, 2022) (Information Technology and Law Series).
Elif Biber & Nedim Hogić, ‘Inter-Legality and Online States’ in Gianluigi Palombella, Alberto di Martini and Eduardo Chiti (eds), L'era dell'interlegalità (Il Mulino, 2021) (open access) https://www.darwinbooks.it/doi/10.978.8815/370334 (accessed 19 February 2026) (presented at the International Forum on the Future of Constitutionalism, 12–16 January 2021).
Elif Biber, ‘L’interlegalità e le tecnologie per la sorveglianza’ in Gianluigi Palombella, Alberto di Martini and Eduardo Chiti (eds), L'era dell'interlegalità (Il Mulino, 2021) (open access) https://www.darwinbooks.it/doi/10.978.8815/370334 (accessed 19 February 2026
Elif Biber, Concretisation of Constitutional Norms Referring to the Protection of Private Life in the Individual Application Case-Law (LLM Thesis, Koc University Law School, Istanbul, 2017) (Open Access) available at tex.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkez/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.
Academic Blog Articles & Public Outreach
(selected)
Elif Biber, ‘5G Infrastructure, National Security and EU Constitutionalism: Reflections on AG Ćapeta’s Opinion in Elisa Eesti (C-354/24)’ (MediaLaws: Law and Policy of the Media in a Comparative Perspective, 10 June 2026.
Elif Biber, ‘Human-Centric Ethics: A Guiding Principle in the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act’, Interparliamentary Assembly of the Benelux, Chambre des Députés du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 21 March 2025, available at https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/67797
Elif Biber, ‘European Artificial Intelligence Office Published the First Draft of the General-Purpose AI Code of Conduct’ (The Digital Constitutionalist, 20 November 2024) https://digi-con.org/european-artificial-intelligence-office-published-first-draft-of-the-general-purpose-ai-code-of-practice/.
Elif Biber and Giovanni De Gregorio, ‘Op-Ed: RTL Nederland (C-451/22): Civil Aviation Confidentiality and Freedom of Expression and Information’ (EU Law Live, 21 February 2024) https://eulawlive.com/op-ed-rtl-nederland-c-451-22-civil-aviation-confidentiality-and-freedom-of-expression-and-information-by-giovanni-de-gregorio-and-sumeyye-elif-biber/.
Elif Biber, ‘Machines Learning the Rule of Law: EU Proposes the World’s First Artificial Intelligence Act’ (Verfassungsblog,13 July 2021) https://verfassungsblog.de/ai-rol/ (first comprehensive review of the proposed EU AI Act on the platform).
Elif Biber, ‘Turkey’s Withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention: An Unconstitutional Decision Requiring Global Attention’ (European Law and Gender Blog, 14 May 2021) https://elan.jus.unipi.it/blog/turkeys-withdrawal-from-the-istanbul-convention-an-unconstitutional-decision-requiring-global-attention/.
Teaching
Introduction to European Public Law and Digitalisation, Doctoral School of Law, University of Luxembourg
The Law of Online Platforms: EU Digital Services Act and Platforms Governance, Doctoral School of Law, University of Luxembourg
Comparative Administrative Law, Bachelor’s Degree (30 Hours) Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance, University of Luxembourg
EU and International Organizations, Bachelor's Degree (30 Hours) Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance, University of Luxembourg
PhD Human Rights Seminar Series, Seminar co-organiser, Doctoral School of Law, University of Luxembourg (2024 – 2025)
Practical Insights into Artificial Intelligence and the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, Digital Learning Hub Luxembourg, Ministry of National Education, Children and Youth, Luxembourg (September and March 2025)